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This session will provide an overview of Portland Limestone Cement pros, cons, and successful applications.

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In 1988 a request was made for a concrete that would last 1,000 years, to be placed, by volunteer labor, some 8,7000 feet up in the Rocky Mountains. This was at least an hour run from the nearest ready-mixed concrete plant and the concrete would have to be manhandled up the hill from the end of the road. This was to be a religious edifice, a place of worship, venerating a key person of the Buddhist community. It would be a solid construction of large concrete elements and feature delicate facia decoration to make it beautiful to behold. Being pre-Life 365 and high powered PCE’s, designing such a concrete had no precedents, and many deemed it impossible. However, a few concrete technologists called up some formulas and equations and began work. This is the story of The Great Stupa of Dharmakaya.

Recycled glass power can be used to as a partial precursor in alkali‐activated slag (AAS) cement binder. The municipal glass power was processed with sizes of 30‐50 μm and applied with 15% and 20% replacement ratio of slag cement for AAS sample preparation. To increase the usage of recycled glass particles, the AAS mortar was then prepared by extending glass powder modified AAS binder and applying 25% glass particles in sieving size #8‐#16. The recycled tire steel fibers (RSF) were also used in the AAS mortar as enforcement. The results showed the glass powder modified AAS binder has comparable compressive strength and early‐stage shrinkage deformation with limited reduction. The applied glass particles in mortar samples showed slightly reduced compressive strength and also reduced shrinkage deformation. Finally, the RSF reinforcement in glass powder and particle modified AAS mortar can largely improve the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. The magnetic polar interaction between the recycled tire steel fibers and slag cement lead to strong bonding behavior and thus contributes to the strength improvement. These results can facilitate the recycling of municipal glass power and particles in AAS binder and mortar, and also demonstrate that the added tire steel fibers can largely improve the fracture strength and properties of AAS mortar.

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